To determine which industry and occupation groups currently have the highest prevalence rates of frequent exertion at work and frequent standing at work, CDC analyzed data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Occupational Health Supplement (OHS) regarding currently employed adults in the United States. A recent literature review provided evidence that prolonged standing at work also leads to adverse health outcomes, such as back pain, physical fatigue, and muscle pain (3). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders have been estimated to cost the United States approximately $2.6 billion in annual direct and indirect costs (2). Repeated exposure to occupational ergonomic hazards, such as frequent exertion (repetitive bending or twisting) and frequent standing, can lead to injuries, most commonly musculoskeletal disorders (1). Shockey, Taylor M Luckhaupt, Sara E Groenewold, Matthew R Lu, Ming-Lun However, methods used to establish.įrequent Exertion and Frequent Standing at Work, by Industry and Occupation Group - United States, 2015. Originally described as a measurement of relative density in single-species, even-aged stands, it has since been generalized for use in uneven-aged stands and mixed-species stands. Reineke’s Stand Density Index (SDI) has been available to silviculturists for over 75 years, but application of this stand metric has been inconsistent. This article reports on our system development processes and on some of our early test results for commercializations.Ĭonsistent definition and application of Reineke's Stand Density Index in silviculture and stand projection Until now, we have performed various electron beam tests and X-ray beam tests after having built the system, have completed the beam assessment for commercializations, and have been preparing full-fledged sales activity. The system is capable of delivering a maximum 900-W average electron beam power with tight focusing at the target. The electron gun is a triode type with a dispenser cathode (diameter of 11 mm). The RF power is provided by using a magnetron driven by a solid-state modulator. The accelerating structure is a side-coupled standing-wave type operating in the Ï€/2 mode (tuned to~3 GHz). We have integrated a self-developed accelerating cavity, an E-gun pulse driver, a radio-frequency (RF) power system, a vacuum system, a cooling system, etc. Based on our experiences achieved during prototype system development and various electron beam acceleration tests, we have built a stable and compact system for sales purposes. Moon, Jin-Hyeok Kwak, Gyeong-Il Han, Jae-Ik Lee, Gyu-Baek Jeon, Seong-Hwan Kim, Jae-Young Hwang, Cheol-Bin Lee, Gi-Yong Kim, Young-Man Park, Sung-JuĪn electron accelerator system has been developed for use in industrial, as well as possible medical, applications. Some of these uses would include clay mixers, grinders, centrifuges, lathes, power saws and lighting of a workshop.Ĭommercialization of an S-band standing-wave electron accelerator for industrial applications Photovoltaics are shown to be a better long-term option only for very low power requirements. The near-term market for photovoltaics for rural cottage industry applications appears to be limited to demonstration projects and pilot programs, based on an in-depth study of the nature of cottage industry, its role in the rural economy, the electric energy requirements of cottage industry, and a financial analysis of stand-alone photovoltaic systems as compared to their most viable competitor, diesel driven generators. and in-country field investigations of the Philippines and Mexico. The data to support this analysis were obtained from secondary and expert sources in the U.S. Cottage industries were defined as small rural manufacturers, employing less than 50 people, producing consumer and simple products. Nonindustrialized countries without centrally planned economies were considered. The final result of an international assessment of the market for stand-alone photovoltaic systems in cottage industry applications is reported.
International market assessment of stand-alone photovoltaic power systems for cottage industry applications
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